Computers and mobile computing devices are being used by increasingly larger number of people today. This has led to an increase in the number of patients complaining about ocular and nonocular symptoms related to computer use. Eye-strain, tired eyes, irritation, burning sensations, redness of eyes, dry eyes, blurred, and double vision reported by the visual display unit users was termed "Computer Vision Syndrome" (CVS). It is a repetitive strain disorder characterized by one or more of the following symptoms - eyestrain, eye fatigue, burning sensations, irritation, redness, blurred vision, and dry eyes when associated with operating a computer and looking at a computer monitor in a temporal association. CVS has a multifactorial causation. Several factors have been linked to symptoms. Many treatment modalities have been described. Treatment needs to be tailored to the individual patient. However, a large body of work is still required to uncover gaps in our understanding of the problem. A specially designed ocular examination for computer users and associated counseling about the current good practices in computer use would go a long way in preventing loss of productivity and morbidity from the condition.

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Aims: To evaluate the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), prevalence of pre-and postnatal risk factors for development of ROP, and treatment outcomes among preterm infants admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of a tertiary care hospital located in Hyderabad. Materials and Methods: Retrospective chart review of all infants admitted to the NICU between 2008 and 2013, who met the criteria for ROP screening: (a) ≤34 weeks of gestation, (b) ≤1750 g of birth weight, (c) infants with significant risk factors including sepsis, respiratory distress syndrome, or long-term oxygen use. Treatment was offered to infants with Stage III ROP disease or Stage II in Zone II with plus disease. Qualified infants were treated with argon laser photocoagulation within 48 h of diagnosis. They were followed until the disease was successfully treated. Results: A total of 2910 infants were admitted to the NICU. Incidence of ROP was found to be 2.3% (n = 66), the majority of whom (71%) had Stage I ROP. Seventeen percent of the infants weighed <1000 g. The most prevalent prenatal risk factor was multiple gestations (17%). Prevalent postnatal risk factors included oxygen treatment (71%) and respiratory distress syndrome (58%). Twelve percent (8/66) of infants met the treatment threshold. Following argon laser, regression was observed in 100% of infants, with no recurrence with follow-up between 1 and 4 years after treatment. Conclusions: This is the first study to evaluate the incidence of ROP in Telangana. Argon laser photocoagulation appears to be effective in the treatment of infants in this population. We recommend screening infants ≤32 weeks of gestation and infants born ≤1700 g birth weight.

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Over the past three decades, intravitreal delivery of pharmacotherapeutic agents has advanced tremendously with many drugs being developed solely for intravitreal use. Intravitreal injections have now become routine in the management of various ocular conditions, most commonly diabetic macular edema and age-related macular degeneration, with the benefits of targeted therapy far outweighing the risks of the procedure. Herein we review the variety of agents available and currently being used for intravitreal therapy of various retinal and intraocular conditions, their indications as well as the optimal technique that should be employed in their administration.

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Aim: To determine the pattern of ocular injuries presenting to the accident and emergency department of a large zonal level hospital in a non operational area. Material and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted from July 2009 to June 2012 in a large, 580 bedded, zonal level military hospital. This hospital caters to serving soldiers, ex-servicemen, and their dependants as well as several large premier military training establishments. It is by far the largest service hospital in its state, and its eye center is the only military eye care facility available for the above-mentioned group of patients. Ocular trauma in our study was defined as any eye injury requiring medical attention. Results: Of the 177 patients included in the study, 153 (86.4%) sustained a closed globe injury while 24 (13.6%) had open globe injuries. One hundred and forty-eight (83.6%) of them presented within 24 hours of injury. One hundred and fifty-one (85.3%) patients required hospital admission. Finally, none of the patients involved were wearing any kind of protective eyewear at the time of injury. Conclusion: This study is unique for the fact that it involves both the military personnel as well as civilians and its analysis provides an insight into the pattern of ocular trauma in our set up. To the best of our knowledge, this is the only study which has been done combining both these entities. The findings indicate that ocular trauma is a significant cause of visual morbidity in this segment of population.

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The most common cause of visual impairment in children is refractive error. All general ophthalmologists and most specialists come across children in their practice and treating a refractive error is the basic moral responsibility of any ophthalmic caregiver. Limited cooperation, low reliability, and risk of amblyopia make prescribing glasses for children more challenging than for adults. The basic rules of prescribing glasses take into account the visual needs according to age, strong accommodative elements, risk of amblyopia, age-related emmetropization, and associated conditions like strabismus, prior to prescribing glasses for children. This article focuses on the standard protocols of assessment and prescription of glasses for simple refractive errors as well as some special refractive situations in children.

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Introduction: Infectious keratitis is potential causes for vision loss in India. Early recognition with prompt diagnosis and rapid institution of appropriate therapy will significantly improve visual prognosis. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of various causes of infectious keratitis in this part of rural central India, predisposing factor and visual morbidity. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective observational hospital-based study conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology, at a tertiary care hospital, in the part of rural central India. Data related to socioeconomic status, predisposing factor, and course of disease was collected. Results were analyzed on the basis of history, slit lamp examination, and appropriate laboratory investigation. Results: During the period of January 2015 to February 2017 total 680 patients were examined in cornea specialty clinic, of which 88 were diagnosed with infective keratitis and were included in the study. Majority of patients of infectious keratitis were in between 41 and 60 (41%) age group followed by 21–40 (23%) and incidence in male was higher (61%) as compared to female. Prevalence of Fungal keratitis (59.09%) was higher than bacterial (19.31%) and viral (17.04%) in this part of India. Ocular trauma and occupational accidents were the most common (42%) among farmer. Majority of corneal ulcer (68%) healed, 11% had no change in ulcer status, 4% was progressed, and 10% perforated. About 53% had stable best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) as compared to BCVA at the time of presentation and in 34% BCVA improved. Conclusion: Incidence of fungal corneal ulcer is higher among various causes of infectious keratitis in this part of rural central India. Agricultural injuries are the main predisposing factor for infectious keratitis in this region. Prompt diagnosis and early appropriate treatment on the basis of laboratory investigation can helps the community to reduce the burden of corneal blindness.

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The continued development of new intraocular lens (IOL) material and design has provided cataract surgeons more lens-based options than ever before. Surgeons must carefully evaluate, which IOLs may be the best for their patients and their practices. The roles of refractive index, water content, optic coloration (blue- or violet-light-blocking), and design of acrylic IOLs are widely debatable among surgeons. Ease of use, availability, cost, and surgeon preference are also important factors that influence surgeons' IOL selection.

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Devices that evaluate corneal properties are an indispensible tool in a eye clinic nowadays. With the arrival of new technology in addition to placido based devices, the options available now are many. Cornea based refractive surgery in Indian eyes poses a challenge due to relatively thinner corneas. This is also compounded by lack of well defined, rigid and universal criteria for case selection for the same. In this article we attempt to look at the most common methods of corneal assessment in relation to the selection of candidates for corneal refractive surgery with a review of relevant literature. This is not meant to be exhaustive, but a primer to ease the clinician into understanding and taking up to learn and practice corneal evaluation.

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Context: Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) is one of the common complications met with pregnancy and contributes significantly to maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity. Aims: To grade the ocular fundus changes in patients of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Settings and Design: Hospital-based prospective observational study. Materials and Methods: Hospital-based prospective observational study conducted over a period of 2 years. One hundred patients of pregnancy having pre-eclampsia and eclampsia were included. Statistical analysis used: Chi-square test. Results: Out of 100 cases, 32 (32%) had mild pre-eclampsia while 50 (50%) had severe pre-eclampsia. Eighteen (18%) patients had eclampsia. Out of 100 cases examined in this study, 54 presented with ocular symptoms and 46 were asymptomatic. Arteriolar attenuation was the most common retinal change observed and it was seen in 44 (44%) cases. Exudative retinal detachment was seen in 7 (7%) cases and macular edema was present in 12 (12%) cases of PIH. Conclusions: Cases of severe pre-eclampsia and of eclampsia showed higher grades of retinal changes. Visual disturbances and symptoms like headache were commonly associated with retinal changes. It is essential to examine each and every patient of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia for ocular manifestations, which should be helpful for obstetrician in the management of patient.

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Posterior lenticonus is a rare progressive disease characterized by protrusion of posterior lens capsule along with lens cortex into the vitreous cavity. Posterior lenticonus is more common but present unilaterally unlike anterior lenticonus, which presents bilaterally. Posterior lenticonus is a common cause of unilateral infantile cataract but is a very rare cause of bilateral cataract. Diagnosis is mainly clinical but can be difficult in asymptomatic patients; oil drop sign (in mild posterior lenticonus) and fish tail sign (lenticular cortex hanging in vitreous cavity after posterior capsular dehiscence) are described in posterior lenticonus. We are proposing an atoll sign in advanced case of posterior lenticonus with intact posterior capsule on slit lamp examination. The positive atoll sign will have more favorable prognosis since posterior capsule is intact, hence posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation will be more feasible with better visual prognosis as was the case with our patient.

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Autoperimetry is an essential investigation for glaucoma management, which helps in the initial diagnosis as well as the follow up of glaucoma patients. The interpretation of autoperimetry is tricky and crucial. This article deals with the basics of autoperimtery explaining the various terminologies which are frequently used. This is followed by guidelines and algorithms for interpreting single field analysis. It also deals with the follow up strategies used in autoperimetry with emphasis on understanding the interpretation of "glaucoma progression analysis" (GPA) on Humphrey. This article will be of great help to comprehensive ophthalmologists as well as the post graduate student of ophthalmology, in understanding the intricacies of autoperimetry analysis which will be of great help in the management of glaucoma.

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Aims: To evaluate the effect of myopia on peri-papillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in various quadrants and clock hour positions. Also, to evaluate the effect of myopia on the location of superotemporal and inferotemporal peak positions of peri-papillary RNFL. Setting and Design: Observational cross-sectional study from November 2011 to March 2013. Myopic patients between age group of 20-30 years were evaluated by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Materials and Methods: Myopic eyes were classified into three groups based on refractive error - Group 1: myopia up to 3 D (Diopter, D), Group 2: myopia of 3-6 D, and Group 3: Myopia > 6 D. OCT scan was done to measure peri-papillary RNFL and to locate superotemporal and inferotemporal peak positions. Statistical Analysis Used: Data was analyzed using one way ANOVA and post hoc analysis using Tukey's test. Results and Conclusion: A total of 118 myopic eyes were evaluated. Eyes in Group 3 show significant thinning in 360 degree average RNFL thickness and in all quadrants except temporal as compared to Group 1 and 2. Correspondingly, in eyes with myopia > 6 D (as compared to Group 1 and 2), decrease in RNFL thickness is seen in all clock hour positions except 4, 8, 9, and 10. Also, in high myopia (>6 D), there is a significant shift in inferotemporal RNFL peak to temporal side while no significant change is noticed in superotemporal RNFL peak when compared to Groups 1 and 2. No significant difference was noted between Groups 1 and 2 in RNFL thickness profile and RNFL peak positions. While analyzing RNFL thickness in subjects with highly myopic eyes, this difference in topographic profile of RNFL thickness should be taken into consideration.

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We report a case series of four eyes of four patients where resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in nosocomial ocular infections were treated with topical meropenem with a successful outcome. Pseudomonas infections are known to be very fulminant. We observed strains of P. aeruginosa in four eyes resistant to all routine drugs such as fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides and cephalosporins. Three eyes presented with infective corneal ulcers and one eye had endophthalmitis. Culture sensitivity of corneal scrape and aqueous tap respectively of each patient showed P. aeruginosa (Gram-negative bacilli) sensitive to carbapenem (meropenem and imipenem) group of drugs. These patients were treated with a topical meropenem 50 mg/ml once in an hour and responded dramaticaly and we could salvage all eyes. Topical meropenem 50 mg/ml, which is not routinely used in ocular infections is thus an effective drug for management of hospital acquired resistant Pseudomonas ocular infections.

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Ultrasound biomicrosopy (UBM) is a technique used to visualize the anterior segment of the eye using high frequency ultrasound. It uses 35-50 MHz probe which has a resolution of 40 microns and a depth of penetration of 4 mm. UBM is used to study the status of desment's membrane in cases of corneal edema when slit-lamp examination cannot see the desment's clearly. In open angle glaucoma, UBM does not have any significant role. In closed angle glaucoma, UBM helps to rule out occludable versus nonoccludable angles. UBM plays a major role in diagnosis of plateau iris configuration and malignant glaucoma. UBM helps to visualize the tract and bleb in cases of failed trabeculectomy and also helps in ruling out episcleal scarring or tenon's cyst. UBM is the only modality which can easily diagnose pars plannits or cyclitic membranes noninvasively. In cases of unexplained hypotony, UBM helps to diagnose ciliary body atrophy or traction on the ciliary body. In cases of trauma, it helps to rule out angle recession or cyclodialysis cleft. UBM can assess the extent of damage to the zonules in cases of trauma and also sees the integrity of posterior capsule. This article is a short overview and an introduction to the use of UBM in the evaluation of anterior segment pathologies and usefulness in treatment management.

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Tissue glue is increasingly becoming a choice of material as an adjuvant to surgical wound closure in ophthalmology. Each of the type of glue is unique in terms of its advantages as well as limitations and so is used in different indications. Although the presently available tissue adhesives are good enough for the procedures mentioned, there is still a demand for newer adhesives. The increasing acceptance of these adhesives by the clinicians promises this to be a standard procedure for surgical wound closure. The existing cyanoacrylate glue is mainly used as a corneal patch to seal acute corneal perforations and improve visual outcomes, with reduced enucleation rates and need for tectonic keratoplasty in many situations. Fibrin glue is a biological adhesive, which reduces the total surgical time. The multiple advantages has extended its use in all the superspeciality fields of ophthalmology like corneal and conjunctival surgeries; strabismus, cataract, refractive, glaucoma, and even retinal surgeries. A newer tissue adhesive like biodendrimers and photocrosslinkable ones has better biocompatibility, rapid sealing properties and increased binding forces. It promises to overcome the drawbacks and risks associated with the existing ones but still under research. The increasing acceptance of all these promises it to be a standard procedure for surgical wound closure and probably will introduce a newer modality for drug delivery. In this article, we tried to review the literature with internet and medlines search for the available adhesives, as well as the upcoming ones with promising applications in ophthalmology.

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Purpose: To study clinical profile and burden of primary glaucoma in rural camp patients attending a tertiary care center. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital of a single academic institute after ethical approval. Primary glaucoma patients aged ≥40 years, referred from the outreach camps, were included for a period of 12 months (2016–2017). A detailed history was recorded. Ocular examination included visual acuity, slit-lamp examination, disc evaluation, gonioscopy, intraocular pressure (IOP), and visual fields. Glaucoma was defined according to the International Society Geographical and Epidemiological Ophthalmology. Results: Out of 4204 referred cases from community program, 115 cases had primary glaucoma. Open-angle group had 63 (54.78%) cases whereas narrow-angle group had 52 (45.22%). The hospital-based prevalence for open-angle glaucoma was 1.11% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.8, 1.44) and for narrow-angle glaucoma was 1.07% (95% CI: 0.76, 1.38). The mean IOP was higher in narrow-angle group (P < 0.0001). The proportion of unilateral blindness was significantly high in narrow-angle category (P = 0.0203). Conclusions: The ratio of open-angle glaucoma to narrow-angle glaucoma was 1.2:1. Associated risk factors were age, gender, high IOP, refractive errors, and systemic illness. Narrow-angle glaucoma was more blinding as compared to open-angle glaucoma. Majority of the primary glaucoma found in camp patients was undiagnosed.

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Purpose: To find the proportion of patients who are blind or have low vision prior to undergoing free cataract surgery at a tertiary referral center, selected from free eye camps. To evaluate which patient groups are more in need of free cataract surgery, a series of consecutive cases of cataract that attended free eye camps and were operated during three years, 2008-2010, were evaluated. Materials and Methods: Using computerized assessment systems, we congregated data on pre-operative visual status, diagnosis, condition of other eye, age, gender, caste, and locality for 2507 patients. Visual status was defined as per World Health Organisation (WHO) classification. Results: A total of 2507 (15.06%) operations were performed out of 16,637 cases who attended eye camps, 63.3% were blind (V.A.<3/60) patients, 19.2% were with low vision (V.A. <6/60). Five hundred and seventy-eight (23.1%) patients were between 60-64 years of age followed by 491 (19.6%) in 70-74 years of age, and 456 (18.2%) in 65-69 years of age group. About 74.9% operations were performed on patients above 60 years of age. Females outnumbered males in ratio 1.3: 1.0 and operated cases of backward caste were 86.59% in comparison to general population (13.4%). Conclusion: The demand for free surgery amongst blind patients is still high for underprivileged urban as well as rural population. Backward caste, females, and citizens of age groups 71-80 and 81-90 are most in need of services of cataract programs because of lack of awareness and affordability.

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Aim: The aim of this study is to compare the mean macular thickness between normal and amblyopic eyes in unilateral strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia. Materials and Methods: A spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (Carl Zeiss Meditech, Inc.) was used to evaluate 51 patients (mean age 11.63 ± 2.84 years) with unilateral strabismic (n = 29) and anisometropic (n = 22) amblyopia. Data between the two eyes were compared using a paired t-test and a P value <0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Mean best-corrected visual acuity was +0.53 LogMAR (range 0.2-1.0) in the amblyopic eye. Mean macular thickness in the amblyopic eyes was 277.5 μ ± 15.3 and in the fellow normal eyes was 272.4 μ ± 13.1 (P < 0.05). On subgroup analysis, the difference was statistically significant in strabismic (P = 0.01) and not significant in anisometropic amblyopia (P = 0.08). Conclusion: The mean macular thickness was greater in amblyopic eyes as compared to the normal fellow eyes, and this difference was significant in strabismic amblyopia, but not significant in anisometric amblyopia.

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In view of the increasing use of visual evoked potentials (VEP) technique in neuro-ophthalmological diagnosis, it was thought pertinent to appraise the changes brought about in VEPs in the presence of refractive error (RE) as studied by the vision researchers and neurophysiologists. The purpose of this review was to provide a comprehensive quintessence of the work carried out in this fi eld with an attempt to summarize the previous concepts, recent perspective and current notion about the value of RE in electrophysiologic testing particularly the VEP technique.

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Trauma-related visual impairment is an unrecognized public health problem. Insufficient epidemiological data on eye injuries underlies the prevailing apathy. We conducted PubMed search for articles on prevalence/incidence, and epidemiology of eye injuries/ocular trauma in India published from year 2000 to 2014 and included for analysis the studies with sufficient statistical power. We also retrieved data from National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) and Census of India. Book chapters were also searched for relevant references. Available data throw light on the magnitude and dimensions of trauma-related visual impairment. Andhra Pradesh eye diseases study recorded history of eye injuries in 7.5% of a South Indian population, resulting in unilateral blindness in 0.6% of eye-injured. NSSO 1991 too has recorded high prevalence (35/1000 in rural areas, and 32/1000 in urban areas) of injury-related visual impairment. Results reveal the majority of injuries occur at work in an unorganized sector where Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) cover are almost nonexistent. Data on eye injuries at home, at sports, and combat-related injuries are incomplete. Due to their cataract-centric design, rapid assessment of avoidable blindness surveys fails to reveal injury-related visual impairment. To estimate injury-related visual impairment, we recommend the establishment of a National Ocular Trauma Registry. Comprehensive population-based surveys shall provide additional sources of data. Compliance with OSH measures, education of workforce, provision of eye protective device for hazardous occupations, mandatory reporting, and monitoring and audit of eye injuries should go hand-in-hand.

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We report a case of 61-year-old male who presented with scleral abscess, an unusual complication following intravitreal bevacizumab and triamcinolone injection. Patient was presented with redness, pain, foreign body sensation, and swelling in left eye 1 week post-intravitreal injection for second opinion. We treated him with topical and oral antibiotics. In our case, the small, localized abscess was confined to the site of the intravitreal injection, required no surgical intervention, and resolved on oral and topical antibiotics. To the best of our knowledge, scleral abscess has not been reported in literature as complication post-intravitreal injection, hence we report this case.

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Background: Diabetic retinopathy has become a serious public health problem. Aim: To evolve a reliable and scalable model of diabetic retinopathy screening and awareness usable at the national level. Setting and Design: Community-based cross-sectional observational study. Materials and Methods: The model was used in Pune and surrounding districts in 25 locations, between March to November 2014. It involved the local communities to arrange, enrol attendees, and disseminate information about the mission before and after the program. This was done through a women's self-help group "Tanishka" with over 70,000 volunteer members distributed throughout Maharashtra. Screening was done by telemedicine using an indigenous low-cost portable retinal camera, with a remote reporting capability. All programs were reported by the vernacular press to ensure a force multiplier effect by conveying the message to its entire readership. Results and Conclusion: A total of 25 programs were held and attended by 2,965 persons. One thousand four hundred and eighteen diabetics patients were screened out of which 193 were found to have retinopathy requiring further investigation and treatment. Repeated press coverage over an extended period ensured high reader uptake. Creating awareness and screening were used simultaneously and to complement each other. Local participation, affordable indigenous technology, and awareness through the press were the three pillars of this model. The model was found to be viable, reliable, reproducible, and scalable. It can be expanded to function at a national level.

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Aim: Pseudoexfoliation (PXE) is a common and clinically important systemic condition that affects elderly people, who are also likely to undergo cataract surgery. It can cause serious complications during cataract surgery due to the pupillary rigidity and zonular weakness and instability. The purpose of this study was to study the frequency and types of complications of small incision cataract surgery (SICS) and phacoemulsification surgery in patients with cataract and PXE. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out on 52 eyes of 52 patients with cataract and PXE who underwent SICS or phacoemulsification surgery in a tertiary care hospital. Their perioperative and post-operative complications were documented and analyzed through statistical package for social sciences version 15.0 (IBM). Results: Poor pupillary dilatation in spite of use of standard mydriatic drops and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was the most common finding. This single factor made subsequent steps of surgery very difficult due to poor peripheral visualization. Pupillotomy was done in 25% cases. Other problems encountered were accidental iridodialysis, posterior capsule rupture, vitreous loss, retained cortical matter, decentered intraocular lens and zonular dialysis. Conclusion: Presence of associated PXE in cataract patients significantly increases the risk of vision threatening complications. Use of flexible iris hooks for small pupils and for capsular stability, capsular tension rings and high viscosity viscoelastics are useful modifications of surgical technique for good visual outcome.

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Background: Hooch tragedies are very common in India, especially in the low socioeconomic group resulting in varying mortality and morbidity. Various biochemical changes occur following methanol poisoning. An attempt is made to follow up such patients to correlate these biochemical changes and clinical presentations to the final visual outcome. Aim: To study the visual problems in the victims of acute methanol poisoning and its correlation with biochemical changes. We also studied the visual prognosis and sequel of acute methanol poisoning in correlation with the initial presentation, biochemical changes and treatment modalities. Study Design: Observational study. Materials and Methods: Twenty-nine patients attended in ophthalmology casualty of a tertiary center with history of blurring of vision after consuming illicit liquor were included in the study. Four patients presented with no perception of light, 15 patients were having poor vision (<6/18). On follow up, the two patients remained with no perception of light. Even though four patients showed initial improvement, they later deteriorated. Patients who permanently lost vision were having severe metabolic acidosis at presentation. Statistical Analysis: Was done by chi square test using SPSS 16 version software for studying the significance. Results and Conclusion: Acute methanol poisoning can badly affect the visual functions. Blood pH and serum bicarbonate level has got direct correlation with visual deficit. The presence of metabolic acidosis, if not corrected early will result in permanent visual impairment. Early intervention with hemodialysis and systemic steroids can improve the visual outcome.

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Glaucoma drainage devices (GDD) occupy an important place in the surgical management of glaucoma that is not responding to medications and trabeculectomy operations. In certain conditions, such as neovascular glaucoma, pediatric glaucoma, iridocorneal endothelial syndrome, penetrating keratoplasty with glaucoma, glaucoma following retinal detachment surgery, it has become the preferred operation. GDD create an alternate aqueous pathway from anterior chamber by channeling aqueous out of the eye through a tube to subconjunctival space. Glaucoma drainage implants that have been used extensively include the non-restrictive and restrictive drainage devices. This article outlines history of implants, types of implant, surgical technique of implantation, various complications following GDD insertion and their management.

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